What is the definition of pronation?

The term pronation specifically refers to the movement where the palm of the hand turns downward or backward. In the context of the shoulder and forearm, this means that when one pronates, the palm faces down towards the ground, aligning with the definition found in the option that states the rotation is such that the palm faces down, which corresponds to option A.

It's important to clarify that pronation is commonly contrasted with supination, which involves the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces up. Understanding these movements is crucial in anatomy and kinesiology as they relate to actions performed in various physical activities and therapeutics.

The other options present different definitions or contexts that do not accurately describe pronation. For instance, option B inaccurately asserts that pronation involves the back facing upward or backward, which does not correctly convey the specific motion characteristic of pronation. Rather, the correct understanding of pronation aligns with the direction of the palm, as detailed in option A.